Short analytical report based on finding a technical document

ï ¿ ½PAGE ï ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½PAGE ï ¿ ½8ï ¿ ½ INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The successful organization is the one that communicates well both internally and with other companies and clients. In fact, information flow is crucial to any organization and the better the flow the more successful it is. At work a great of information is convoyed in technical documents, some of the tasks tackled by their writer are; proposals, reports, instruction. Technical writing communicates highly specific information. Most of it is prepared by professionals, such as engineers, scientists and other technicians. Even though it presents technical, a technical document should be easy to understand. 1.2 Aim The purpose of this report is to explain, discusses and analysis in variable†¦show more content†¦4.0 Graphics Graphic serve as a universal language said by Brucker (2002). There are many advantages of using graphic in technical document. Graphic communication represents ideas, relationship or connections visually with shapes, diagram and line. For example, some of the No Smoking signs display in public place. (Dwyer, 2003). In this report, the model of the Pioneers operation manual was 8850MP model, which is the top range car stereo head unit of Pioneer. The price in retail store is around AUD 800 and the unit contains many high technology features, such as ipod compatibility and Bluetooth. Surprisingly, the operation manual looks like a cheap heater or a fan operation manual. It used black and white color which shows bad quality pictures, and the pictures are also very small to see. Moreover, it seem like the writers want to used less pictures as possible to describes the operational function, which is definitely too little to understand. (See appendix D). On the other hand, compare with O2 mobile phone operational manual (see appendix E) which also has high technology features and selling at the same price. It can see much difference between them. The O2 manual used color pictures, it also have graph and table which make it look interesting to readShow MoreRelatedInternal Audit as an Effective Internal Control System at Ongc17652 Words   |  71 Pagescorporate priorities in recent years, audit teams were staffed accordingly with many junior, box-checking resources. But now, many audit teams are finding themselves exposed, lacking the skills required to deal with contemporary business risks. The number and variety of business risks and related controls that IA needs to assess, monitor and report on has grown exponentially in just a few years. Risks related to the supply chain, treasury and financial instruments, fraud, systems, privacy, emergingRead MoreOrganization Behavoir1766 Words   |  8 PagesFIELD PROJECT MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Your major and final project for both Organizational Behavior and Management Communication will be a field-based project pursued by your group, involving field research (interviews, focus groups, data collection, etc.), and culminating in a formal report and an oral presentation (by the team) to your client (optional) and your classmates and professors. Objectives The objectives of this assignment are: 1. To provide youRead MoreAnalytical Report8374 Words   |  34 PagesEng 209/WI Writing Informational and Analytical Reports 1.0 Applying the Writing Process to Prepare Business Reports Reports play a significant role in the careers of all business professionals. Reports fall into three basic categories: Informational reports offer data, facts, feedback, and other types of information, without analysis or recommendations. Analytical reports offer both information and analysis, and they can also include recommendations. Proposals (in our next module) offer structuredRead MoreBusiness Intelligence Strategy at Canadian Tire4512 Words   |  19 Pagessenior vice president and CIO Wnek, to complete the first IT strategy document in several years. As CIO, Wnek was responsible for overseeing the information systems (IS) of the entire enterprise, but not within the associate dealers stores. The BI initiative, while important to the organization overall, was primarily associated with CTR, and it represented one of many IS initiatives competing for CTC support and funding based on the new 2003 IT Strategy 2003. Figure 1 provides an organizationalRead MorePolice Department And Other Agencies Within The Criminal Justice System Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageswill be using in the task force†¦ The Six Departmental units that will be included in the task force: 1) Patrol/ Investigations Commanders a) These commanders were chosen due to having an essential skill set that includes excellent customer service based skills, which include the ability to communicate effectively and efficiently both orally and in writing(1). They work closely with myself to write, revise, communicate, and effectively execute departmental general orders and policies. They also ensureRead MoreHow to Write a Business Report Essay18530 Words   |  75 PagesReports and proposals After reading this chapter you should be able to: †¢ Explain the differences and similarities between formats, types or sub-genres of reports †¢ Explain the differences and similarities between reports and essays †¢ Explain why documents need to contain an appropriate balance of information and persuasion †¢ Demonstrate competence in writing a longer, analytical research report †¢ Explain the differences between reports and submissions, proposals and tenders So you’ve got toRead MoreAudit and Assurnace 5th Edition Solutions Essay11586 Words   |  47 Pagesbeginning an engagement. | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 53, 54, 55, 62, 66 | 2. Identify the procedures and sources of information auditors can use to obtain knowledge of a client’s business and industry. | 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 52, 56, 59, 65 | 3. Perform analytical procedures to identify potential problems. | 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 | 47, 48, 49, 51, 58, 63, 64 | 4. List and discuss matters of planning auditors should consider for clients who use computers and describe how a computer can be used as anRead MoreInformation Technology3745 Words   |  15 Pagesconduction and technical talk. – Intensive and extensive reading skills in technical and non-technical reading materials. – skills in writing description, official letters and letters of application, proposals and formal technical reports. Course in detail: Unit 1: Oral communication A. Fundamentals of effective speaking: Posture, gesture, facial expression, voice, eye contact, space distancing etc. B. Group discussion on subjects of general and technical interest. Meetings Read MoreA Financial Statement Analysis Project for Introductory Financial Accounting5953 Words   |  24 PagesPepperdine University Malibu, California USA Carolyn A. 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There have been many assessments of Vietnam’s environment, particularly in the natural resources management but also with good coverage of urban

Essay about Music of The Civil War - 735 Words

The War Between the States was complex. If you wish to understand the events, you should refer to a textbook. Music of the time, however, helps us delve into people’s thoughts and opinions on the war, slavery, and many other important issues in our country’s history. Prior to the civil war, American music followed its European roots. During the civil war, American music began to develop in its own way, largely influenced by the music of the African-Americans. The war produced many well-known songs. These songs were important in their time and they are still known to many people today. Music was important to the Union and also to the Confederacy. The troops sang on battlefields, around campfires and while marching. They sang to make†¦show more content†¦The southerners sang songs in these genres -rallying songs, sentimental favorites, campfire favorites, and patriotic songs. During the early days of the war, the rebel troops, inflicted defeats on the union and sang marching songs of victory. During this time of hope for the south, some of the best war songs were written. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since each side copied songs from the other side, many songs have at least two versions. Northerner, George Root, wrote a famous rallying song called the â€Å"Battle Cry Of Freedom†. The song was about the flag, which was a very important symbol at the time. There are many legends about this song and its influence on the troops of the union army. The song was extremely popular throughout the war. It ended up being parodied in the south. Both sides used the song as a marching song. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most popular marching song of the Union troops was â€Å"John Brown’s Body Lies a Mould’ ring in the Grave.† written by Thomas Bishop. Abolitionist, Julia Ward Howe, who wrote words to the tune and made it into â€Å"The Battle Hymn of The Republic†, heard this song. The song has become one of the most well known of patriotic songs. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another popular song was â€Å"Dixie’s Land†. It was a northern minstrel song, which caught on in the south. The writer ofShow MoreRelatedMusic in the Civil War600 Words   |  3 PagesMusic in the Civil War The North and the South both used music extensively during the Civil War. They used it to rally troops, to march by, as recreation, and many more reasons. When the soldiers would march off to war, they took a love of song that was divided among them. General Robert E. Lee once said, â€Å"Without music, there would have been no army, music is as indispensable to warfare as money.† Alot of the time the North and the South would borrow each others tunes and lyrics. Often times theRead MoreMusic of the Civil War751 Words   |  4 PagesThe War Between the States was complex. If you wish to understand the events, you should refer to a textbook. Music of the time, however, helps us delve into peoples thoughts and opinions on the war, slavery, and many other important issues in our countrys history. Prior to the civil war, American music followed its European roots. During the civil war, American music began to develop in its own way, largely influenced by the music of the Afri can-Americans. The war produced many well-knownRead MoreCivil War Music505 Words   |  2 PagesCivil War Music Music was a vital part of the war. The Civil War had also been referred to Americas â€Å"great musical war.† There was a rank for musicians. They played at recruitment rallies and kept up the troops morale. Their main job was to relay orders from higher ranking officers. The branches of the military determined which instrument made the calls. The drummer boys, fife players, buglers and the songs that they performed played a significant part in the war. Drummer boys enlistedRead MoreImportance of Music During the Civil War892 Words   |  4 Pages1861, the civil war began. It was a war between the north, or the Union, and the south, or the Confederacy over slavery. The Union had an army of nearly two million soldiers, while the south had approximately half because of their population differences. About 620,000 total soldiers died from combat, starvation, disease, or even accident. The civil war was the bloodiest battle in the history of our country and resulted in the greatest number of casualties compared to any of American war. SoldiersRead MoreRole Of Music During The Civil War1489 Words   |  6 PagesUS History I Honors 27 February 2015 Did music play a significant role in motivating soldiers to overcome their hardships in both the Union and Confederate armies during the Civil War? General Lee once remarked, â€Å"Without music, there would have been no army† (Kehoe). The New York Herald concurred with Lee in 1862 when a reporter wrote, â€Å"All history proves that music is as indispensable to warfare as money; and money has been called the sinews of war. Music is the soul of Mars...† (Bowman). It is evidentRead MoreMusic ´s Role in the Civil War501 Words   |  2 PagesI dont believe we can have an army without music. said Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Many think that the Civil War was a time of fighting and do not recognize that music played a key role in the war. Americans used music to try and explain more of what happened instead of pictures. Whether it was used to bring back memories of loved ones and home, boost the morale of the soldiers, or state political standpoints; music was very common to both the Union and the Confederate states. DifferentRead MoreCivil War And The 1960s1631 Words   |  7 PagesA History of Protest Music – Revolutionary War to the 1960s Protest music in the United States dates back to the 19th century. This protest music focused around subjects that were topical for the time period. Among these topics were the Civil War. Another topic was slavery, and its abolition. A final topic was women’s suffrage. A famous group of protest singers was the Hutchinson Family Singers. Their notoriety, which spanned the mid-19th century, began in 1839. Their songs about abolition wereRead MoreThe ‘60s: Culture and Music Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, music have defined or depicted the culture and social events in America. Music has constantly played an important role in constituting American culture, where people have expressed themselves through music during flourishing and turbulent times. In the 1930’s, Swing music created a platform for audiences to vent their emotions in the midst of Great Depression and political unrest. Such strong relationship between music and culture can be seen throughout history, especially inRead MoreIn the 1960s, People Turned to Music for Hope, Peace, and Happiness1215 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 1960s and the early 1970s, music reflected the political and social changes that America was undergoing at the time. Some of these ma jor changes included the African-American civil rights movement and the conflict over America’s role in the Vietnam War. During these hard times, people turned to music for hope, peace, happiness and answers. The African-American civil rights movement was a cruel time for the African American race to endure due to the harsh discrimination and segregationRead MoreHistory of the Blues Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pages In one way shape or form Blues music has influenced almost every music artist and their work. Jazz and Blues gave way to such artists as Elvis Presley and Chuck Barry. The history and origins of Blues traces back many generations. Many articles have been written over the years helping readers better understand the history and importance of Blues music. All the articles have a similar attitude toward The Blues. Each article makes Blues Musics social and musical importance and impact blaringly

Indian Financial System Free Essays

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT ON INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM amp; SOURCES OF LONG TERM AND SHORT TERM FINANCES SUBMITTED BY, PREMJITH. A P10144 PGDM 2010-12 INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The financial system in india refers to the system of borrowing and lending of funds or the demand for and the supply of funds of all individuals, institutions, companies and of the government. Commonly the Indian financial system is classified into: * Industrial finance: funds required for the conduct of industry and trade * Agricultural finance: funds needed and supplied for the conduct of agriculture and allied activity * Development finance: funds needed for development; actually it includes both industrial finance and agricultural finance * Government finance: relates to the demand for a nd supply of funds to meet government expenditure The mobilization of savings and the effective distribution of the savings among all those who demand the funds for investment purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Financial System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The banking system, the insurance companies, mutual funds, investment funds and other institutions which promote savings among the public, collect their savings and transfer them to the actual investors * The investor in the country composed of individuals investors, industrial investors, industrial and trading companies and the government, these enters in the financial system as borrowers. FUNCTIONS OF INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian financial system performs a crucial role in economic development of india through saving investment process also known as capital formation. Sometimes it is also calls financial market. The purpose of financial market is to mobile savings efficiently and allocates the same efficiency among the ultimate users of funds, ie: investors * Increase in savings, that is resources that are would have been normally used for consumption purposes should be released for other purposes. * Mobilization of savings – domestic savings collected by banking and financial institutions and placed at disposal of actual investors; and * Investment proper, which is the production of capital goods. COMPOSITION OF THE INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian money market is the market in which short term funds are borrowed and lent. The capital market in india on the other hand, is the market for medium- term and long term funds. Reserve bank of india Organized sector Sub Market Unorganized sector Public sector banks Private sector banks NBFC IDFC, GIC, LIC Call money T- Bills Certificate for Deposit Commercial Papers SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM FUNDS SHARES Shares comes in the Long term funds. A share is a unit of capital of the company. It has a definite face value. It represents ownership rights of their holders. Buyers of shares are called shareholder and they are legal owners of the firm whose shares they hold. Each shareholder invest their money in the shares of a company in exception of a return on their investment capital. The return of shareholder consists of dividend and capital gain. Share holder make capital gain or (loss) by selling their share. Each share carries a distinct number. Shares are transferable units. Shareholders are of two type ORDINARY and PREFERENCE shareholders. Preference share: These shares have preference over the ordinary shares in terms of payment of dividend and repayment of capital if company is wound up. They may be issued with or without a maturity period. REDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARE are shares with maturity and IRREDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARES without any maturity. The holder of preference shares get dividend at a fixed rate. With regards to dividend, preference shares may be issued with or without cumulative features. In the case of CUMULATIVE PREFERENCE SHARES unpaid dividends accumulate and are payable in the future. Dividends in arrears do not accumulate in the case of NON CUMULATIVE PREFERENCE SHARES. Features of Preference share Claim on income and assets: preference share is a senior security as compared to ordinary share. It has a prior claim on the company’s income in the sense that the company must first pay preference share dividend before paying the ordinary dividend. Fixed dividend: The dividend rate are fixed in the case of preferences share, and preference dividend are not tax deductable. Cumulative dividend: that all past unpaid dividend be paid before the ordinary dividends are paid. Ordinary Shares: represents the ownership position in a company. The holders of ordinary shares called shareholders are the legal owners of the company. Ordinary shares are the sources of permanent capital since they do not have a maturity date. However, the ordinay shareholders are entitled to receive dividends. The amount or rate of dividends are not fixed. An ordinary share is called variable income security. Being the owner the company, shareholders bear the risk of ownership; they are entitled to dividends after the income claims of others have been satisfied. Similarly, when the company is wound up, they can exercise their claim on assets after the claims of other suppliers of capital have been met. Features of Ordinary shares: Claims on income: Ordinary shareholders have a residual ownership claim. They have a claim to the residual income, which is earnings available for ordinary shareholder after paying expenses, interest charges, taxes and preference dividend. Claim on asset: Ordinary shareholder have residual claim on company asset in case of liquidation. Voting rights: Ordinary shareholder are required to vote on a number of important matters. The most significant proposals include: election of directors and change in memorandum of association. RIGHTS ISSUE When company distributes all earnings to shareholders, then, it can reacquire new capital from the same sources by issuing new shares called rights shares. BONDS A bond is a long term debt instrument or security. Bonds issued by the government do not have any risk of defaults. The private sector companies also issue bonds, which are called debentures. A company can issue secured and unsecured debenture. In case of bonds and debentures, the rate of interest is generally fixed and known to investors. Features of Bonds * Face value is the par value. A bond is generally issued at a par value of Rs:100 or Rs:1000, and interest in paid on face value. * Interest rate is fixed and known to bondholders. Interest paid on a bond is tax deductable. Interest rate is called coupon rate. * Maturity bond is generally issued for a specified period of time. It is repaid on maturity. * Redemption value The value that a bondholder will get on maturity is called redemption or maturity value. A bond may be redeemed at par or at premium or at discount. * Market value A bond may be traded in a stock exchange. The price at which it is currently sold or bought is called the market value of the bond. Market value may be different from par value or redemption value. Bonds may be classified into three (1) Bond with maturity (2) Pure discount bonds (3) Perpetual bonds Bond with maturity The companies issue bonds that specify the interest rate and the maturity period. Pure discount bonds These bonds do not carry an explicit rate of interest. It provides for the payment lump sum amount at a future date in exchange for the current price of bond. Perpetual bonds These bonds are also consols, has an indefinite life and therefore, it has no maturity value. Types of Debentures * Convertible debenture (CD) * Non convertible debenture (NCD) * Fully convertible debenture (FCD) * Partly convertible debenture (PCD) WARRANTS A warrant entitles the purchaser to buy a fixed number of ordinary shares at a particular price during a specified time period. Warrants are generally issued along with debentures as sweeteners. Warrants are used in conjunction with ordinary or preference shares. Characteristics of Warrants Exercise price of a warrant is the price at which its holder can purchase the issuing firms ordinary shares. Exercise ratio states the number of ordinary shares that can be purchased at the exercise per warrants. Expiration date is the date when the option to buy ordinary shares in exchange of warrants expires. Detachability the warrant can either be a detachable or non detachable. Detachable warrants Warrant can be sold separately from debentures to which it is originally attached Non detachable warrants cannot be sold separately from the debenture to which it was originally attached. Some of the other methods used for raising long term capitals, * CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERNCE SHARE * DERIVATIVE SECURITIES * BORROWING FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTION (BANKS) SHORT TERM FUNDS It is the market for near money, or it is the market for lending and borrowing of short funds. It is the market for lending and borrowing short term surplus investible funds of banks and other financial institution are demanded by borrowers comprising individual companies and the government. The composition of Indian money market consist of Call money market One important submarket of the Indian money market is the Call money market, which is the market for very short term funds. This market is also known as money at call and short notice. This market has two segments (a) the call market or overnight market and (b) short notice market. The rate at which unds are borrowed and lent in this market is called the call money market. Call money rates are market determined by demand and supply of short term funds. The public sector banks account for about 80% for the demand and foreign banks and Indian private sector banks account for the balance of 20% of borrowings. NBFC’s like IDBI, GIC, LIC are call money market lenders. Bill market in India The bill market ir the discount market is the most important part of the money market where short bills normally up to 90days are bought and sold. The bill market is further subdivided into commercial bill market and treasury bill market. The 91 day treasury bills are the most common ways the government of india raises funds for the short period. Government has also introduced the 182 day T-Bills and 364 day T-bills, In 1997 government introduced 14 day T-Bill. Dated government securities The government of india has also decided to sell dated securities on an auction basis. The purpose of this government decision is: * To develop dated securities as a monetary instrument with flexible yields * To provide financial instrument to suit investors expectation, and * To meet Government needs directly from the market. Repo and reverse repos Repos are now a regular feature of RBI’s market operations, If the banking system experience liquidity shortage, then RBI comes to assist banking system by repurchasing government securities. When the government securities are repurchased from the market, payment is made by RBI to commercial banks and this adds to their liquidity and enables them to expand their credit to industry and trade. Reverse repo is to sell dated securities through auction at fixed cut off rate of interest. The objective is to provide short term avenue to banks to park their surplus funds. Certificate of Deposits (CD) The CD’s are another important money market instrument. They were issued by banks in multiples of Rs:25 lakhs to expand the investor base of CD’s, the min: value was reduced and is presently Rs: 1 lakhs. The maturity is between 3 months and one year. CD ‘s are freely transferable after 45 days after the date of issue. CD’s became immediately popular with banks for raising resources at competitive rates of interest. Commercial papers (CP) The commercial papers are issued by companies with networth of Rs 10 crores, later reduced to Rs: 5 crores. The CP is issued multiples of Rs. 25 lakhs subject to minimum issue of Rs 1 crore. The maturity of Cp is between 3 to 6 months. The purpose of introducing CP is to enable high level corporate borrowers to diversify their source of short term borrowings on the one hand and provide an additional instrument to the banks and financial instrument in the money market. Reference: Financial Management by I M Pandey How to cite Indian Financial System, Papers

Looking into WILD by Troye Sivan free essay sample

Idolized by the great Taylor Swift, Troye Sivan’s EP, WILD, is definitely something to be revered. Australian YouTube star Troye Sivan debuted his third EP on the 4th of September, with all his 3,000,000 fans there to support him. His EP mixed electro and dream pop melodies to convey the deep messages. WILD is a bold, spectacular second major release that doesn’t incorporate the cliche pop and indie music that most singers would nowadays. Troye Sivans breathtaking album consists of six songs, featuring music artists such as Broods and Tkay M. â€Å"Fools† starts off with a soft piano ballad which quickly builds up to an electronic beat as well as a deep background chorus repeating the lyrics â€Å"only fools.† Sivan ties everything together in this song by combining many different rhythms and vocals to produce a unique blend of music. Another one of Sivan’s tracks, â€Å"Ease,† includes an appearance of Broods. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking into WILD by Troye Sivan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wondrously brings a bundle of upbeat tempos and even possesses the sound of a xylophone which flawlessly matches the song. â€Å"Bite† and â€Å"DKLA† include soothing echoing vocals as well as a feature of Tkay Mazida in â€Å"DKLA.†The heavy bass is apparent in Troye’s songs, adding on the the overall vibe. On the first listen, I didn’t think WILD was exceptionally remarkable. However, as I listened closely to the lyrics and the melodies, I was drawn in. When I had Troyes EP on repeat on Spotify for the 100th time, I was attached to it even more. His music made me feel laid-back and got me thinking deeply about life and all of its imperfections. He doesn’t just simply state the message of his songs, but rather uses lyrics which most people cannot understand if not fully analyzed. In his song â€Å"Bite,† he states, â€Å"The rapture in the dark puts me at ease. The blind eye of the storm.† Sivan toys with the lyrics on purpose, making it a puzzle for those who listen of his music to really look into the what he is saying and interpret the message of his songwriting. The tone of his voice is raw; it is authentic. Emotion can be heard ever so clearly just from the first few words spoken from any of the songs on his EP. Troye Sivan’s WILD contains very mature content with very deep ideas conveyed to his audience about love. However, it is much more than just the basic love songs played on the radio over and over again nowadays. His inspiration to compose WILD came from his fans and his â€Å"past life†. He hoped his new EP and music videos would help those who are struggling with being LGBT+(lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, etc.). As a homosexual person himself, Troye has faced some obstacles. â€Å"Every time I see a young LGBT person commit suicide, all I can think about is the lost potential, and what could have happened if only a family member had been a little bit more supportive, or someone at school had been a little bit more supportive,† Sivan states in an interview. His song lyrics are messages about being treated unfairly for being different. This mini-album has caught people’s attention from all over the world, reaching #1 in over 40 countries. WILD has received media praise from famous music celebrities like Sam Smith. Fans of Troye Sivan from all over the world could see his growth in music from last year’s album TRXYE to this year’s WILD. Give this EP a listen and get yourself hyped up for his full album, Blue Neighborhood, coming out December 4, 2015.

Evolution of the laboratory centrifuge Essay Example

Evolution of the laboratory centrifuge Essay Introduction The research lab extractor is one of the most of import instruments available today for sample readying. It is widely used and considered to be the most efficient manner to separate constituents of a sample with different densenesss. Many types of extractor are available today, runing in size from bench top extractors, with a capacity of 1.2 L and a maximal burden of 1.5 kilograms, to big free standing extractors with a capacity of 5 L and a maximal burden of 6 kilograms, or even larger. Some of the larger machines are able to make velocities of up to 10,000 revolutions per minutes, while the smaller extractors tend to hold maximal rotational velocities below 300 revolutions per minute. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of the laboratory centrifuge specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of the laboratory centrifuge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution of the laboratory centrifuge specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bench top extractors, capable of velocities of about 3000 revolutions per minute, have been in usage since the mid-1800s. Early extractor instruments were manus powered, with electric extractors foremost used after 1912. The early extractors tended to be used for non biological applications, such as separation of milk and aggregation of precipitates. Evolutionary timeline Use of the procedure of centrifugation can be traced back to the mid fifteenth century, when hand-driven extractor systems were used for the separation of milk. In 1864, this ad hoc system of milk separation was foremost commercialized by Antonin Prandtl who developed the first dairy extractor with the intent of dividing pick from milk. The potency of the extractor in the research lab scene was foremost exploited by Friedrich Miescher. In 1869, Miescher foremost used a petroleum system of extractor to insulate a cell organelle. This procedure led to the find of an of import new category of biological components, subsequently to be known as nucleic acids. The work of Miescher was rapidly recognized and developed by others. In 1879, the first uninterrupted centrifugal centrifuge was demonstrated by Gustaf de Laval. The development made the commercialisation of the extractor a practical possibility for the first clip. The following major measure frontward in the development of the extractor came during the 1920s and 1930, when the ultracentrifuge , capable of accomplishing 900,000 g, was developed by the Swedish colloid chemist, Theodor Svedberg. As the theoretical accounts capable of making 900,000 g tended to hold little rotors, ultracentrifuges with larger rotors which could run at around 260,000 g were more normally used in everyday work. Svedberg used his extractor to find the molecular weight and fractional monetary unit construction of extremely complex proteins such as haemoglobin. This information started a revolution in our apprehension of the constructions of proteins. In 1926 Svedberg received a Nobel Prize for the innovation of the ultracentrifuge and for his work in colloid chemical science. Svedberg s ultracentrifuge, nevertheless, was basically an analytical instrument, specifically designed for the accurate recording of deposit boundaries. It would hold been impossible to change over it for usage in preparatory procedures, nevertheless, for the simple ground that its rotor axis was horizontal. The passage from analytical instruments of this type to the modern preparatory ultracentrifuges came through the attempts of the Gallic physicist, Emile Henriot, who was able to accomplish really high rotational velocities by agencies of a bearing-less top, driven and supported by tight air. Interest in the isolation of viruses brought Edward Pickels and Johannes Bauer together to construct the first high velocity vacuity extractor suitable for the survey of filterable viruses. Subsequently, Pickels went on to develop the much more convenient electrically driven ultracentrifuge. During the early 1930s Martin Behrens developed improved centrifugation techniques utilizing denseness gradients of nonaqueous dissolvers for the separation of karyon. His attack in tissue fractional process aimed to insulate one or more identifiable constituents from disrupted cells that could be physically and chemically characterized. In 1946, Pickels cofounded Spinco ( Specialized Instruments Corp. ) in Belmont, California and marketed an ultracentrifuge based on his design. However, gross revenues of the engineering remained low, and Spinco about went insolvents. In 1942 Albert Claude and James Potter published a landmark paper, Isolation of Chromatin Threads from the Resting Nucleus of Leukemic Cells . This paper outlined a series of centrifugation stairss in which either the supernate or the deposit was collected until chromatin togss were retrieved from the concluding deposit. In 1949, Spinco introduced the Model L, the first preparatory ultracentrifuge to make a maximal velocity of 40,000 revolutions per minute. This marked a dramatic alteration in the lucks of Spinco. In 1954, Beckman Instruments ( now Beckman Coulter ) purchased the Spinco company, organizing the footing of its Spinco extractor division. Beckman instantly set about presenting betterments in the design of extractors many of which are still used today. For illustration, the thrust systems were replaced with high velocity motors, and the stuff used for the rotor blade was updated. In 1962 Netheler A ; Hinz Medizintechnik, a company based in Hamburg, and known today as Eppendorf , developed the first microcentrifuge for laboratory use. This microliter system ( model 3200 ) was introduced for usage in everyday analysis labs on a microliter graduated table, and offered merely one dial to command centrifuge clip. The Microliter System was the footing for a wide scope of tools for the molecular research lab, which were later developed by all different sorts of biotech and labware companies. During the 1980s, Beckman launched floor ultracentrifuges. During the 1990s, Beckman launched the Avanti A ; reg ; high public presentation extractor. In 2007, Helmer launched two new extractor bundles for the clinical research lab, the HighSpinTM and CentraSpinTM Plus. The HighSpin bundle was a compact extractor for high volume sample processing, offering a entire spin capacity of 78 tubings, while the CentraSpin Plus bundle was designed for low volume sample treating needing added velocity and capacity. It offered a entire spin capacity of 28 tubings at up to 5000 RPM. Future of extractors Centrifugation has come a long manner since the procedure was foremost commercialized for research lab usage in the fortiess. The original rotors, such as those built by Svedberg, were made of tensile steel. Today stuffs such as aluminium metals and Ti are used in order to defy high centrifugal forces. Standard features now include procedures for chilling, scheduling, automatic instability sensing, noise decrease, or mutable rotor systems. Vacuum systems have besides been added to centrifugate instruments to cut down clash and keep temperature control. The development of other tools, such as negatron microscopes, has allowed research workers to better examine and look into the atoms being centrifuged. With research into proteins and cell nucleic matter deriving going more and more of import and gaining gait all the clip, the extractor will go on to be a critical piece of laboratory equipment for the foreseeable hereafter.

abortion-a womans choice essays

abortion-a womans choice essays Abortion is a very controversial subject. There are many beliefs and exceptions. Many people fail to realize or understand that it is a personal decision. The decision to or not to abort may be more complicated than people might realize. Regardless of the fact of morals, a woman has the right to privacy and her choice to abort. Only the woman has the control over her body and reproductive system. I believe abortion is a womans choice because I feel that a woman has the right to decide what is right or wrong for her, her body, and her life. To some people, abortion is wrong no matter how they look at it. But, in some cases, they havent had personal experiences with abortion. When theyve had to walk in the same shoes, they sometimes change their opinion rather quickly. When a person has a friend or relative who unexpectedly gets pregnant, they are more likely to understand why abortion, in some cases, is maybe the only thing to do. I used to be against it until my cousin, Jennie, had an abortion. She was only eighteen years old with one child and was going through a difficult divorce. Her husband often beat her and told her if she ever left, hed kill her. She finally did leave, but she also found out that she was pregnant. She knew she was in no shape to raise another child and realized that she didnt need anything else to tie her to her husband. I understood her reasons, and I agreed that it was for the best. Also, in cases of rape, sometimes the women have found out that they are pregnant; abortion is probably the first thing that comes to mind. Especially, in this case, I believe the woman has the right to her choice of an abortion. I would think that having to go through the emotional pain of being a victim of rape would be punishing enough without having to raise the child of a rapist. There could be some resentment towards the ...

Summary of health article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of health article - Essay Example The database, managed by United Health Group Inc. subsidiary Ingenix Inc., has been alleged to be seriously flawed and manipulated by the insurers, resulting to poor reimbursements and higher medical bills for consumers. Most recent complaints on this accuse Aetna of manipulating the database to get rid of valid high charges. According to a complaint filed recently in U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, Aetna and Ingenix collaborated to fabricate figures favorable to the company, thus corrupting the database to yield inaccurate results, lowering down the reimbursements for doctors. The complaint further claims that this has greatly damaged physician-patient relationships. Dr. Nancy H. Nielsen, President of A.M.A., stated that the association is putting an end to the health insurers’ unfairly manipulative business practices, disregarding patients and the legally acceptable costs of caring for them, citing a certain case of an anonymous surgeon who was paid way below his billed charges. To these, Aetna spokeswoman Cynthia Michener commented that they will by all means defend the company amidst similar claims by consumers in New Jersey and Connecticut. She further expressed disappointment over the medical community’s move to sue them when the company has succeeded to develop better collaboration with doctors. Cigna, on the other hand, believes that physician’s pricing must be more transparent in order to achieve lower costs at higher quality

Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Human Development - Essay Example Pavlov’s research indicated that behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations. The learning process was argued to have grounds on which environmental stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus could be associated (Watson 6). Therefore, this means that the focus of behaviorism is purely on the idea that human behavior is acquired as a result of interaction with the environment (Berger 2005). In regard to contribution of behaviorism to my development, it is apparent that behaviorism played a key part in dictating my current personality. Having been brought up in rural areas, most of the behaviors of the rural people were vested on me because I always interacted with them. The rural school setting is different from urban school setting. We used to travel for long distances to school and believed that schooling is a difficult task that one has to strive to achieve. Nevertheless, this was instrumental to me because I have always worked hard to achieve my desires. This is contrary to urban people who are brought up in urban settings. They have little struggles because the life in the urban is a bit comfortable than the life in the rural settings. This is equally the same case to children brought up in wealthy families and those that are brought up in rural settings. The personality of these two groups of people is wide owing to the lifestyle that they are exposed to. It is argued that people brought up in areas where crime is prevalent tend to adapt to criminal behaviors. Most people who engage in crime are either due to the influence of drugs or as a result of poverty. Since such people have little they can do to change their lives, they resort to crime and drugs as a way of either reducing stress or use crime as a way of earning a living. Hence, it is true to stipulate that the environment that such people find themselves in influences their character so that they can fit in it. Theory of cognitive development was pioneered by Jean Piaget who

Conduct research on ship broking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conduct research on ship broking - Essay Example Ship broking happens through the shipbrokers who act as the mediators or the agents of the vessel owners and the clients (Schramm 2012, p.146). A competitive ship broking is an opportunity-based business where the brokers may swift and smart moves to accomplish their deals. The brokers have diverse understanding of latest market progress within their areas of operations and because of these skills they possess, they are highly valued by charters. There are different types of groups in ship broking depending on the kind of cargo involved. The persons who negotiate and organize the charter of a vessel on behalf the charterer and ship owner are the brokers who specialize in dry cargoes brokering, wet cargoes or tanker brokering (Lange 2011, p.41). The fundamental operation of the shipbrokers is to represent the ship-owner and find the jobs for the ships according to the principals of the vessel owner. In case the shipbrokers represent a cargo interest, the brokers’ role is to find suitable ships for the cargo in accordance with the charterer principals. The broker must have a vast knowledge of vessels and cargoes, information about ports, methods of loading and release of various cargoes, weather patterns, demand, and supply of ships. With the advancement in communications technology and sophisticated computing techniques shipbrokers, networks have intensified the brokering business (Talley 2012, p. 305). With the modern digital communication evolution communication with brokers have become accessible from any part of the globe be it on land, sea, or air. The exchange of information has emerged reliable and affordable. The large amount of data traverses across the world very fast including the details of fixtures because of advanced communication technology (Carter 2014, p.188). The concluded information about profits, and the market reports, government policies, economic

The Influence of Police Culture

The Influence of Police Culture In order to appropriately address the topic of discussion, firstly, it is important to understand what is meant by the concept police culture. After establishing its definition, it then becomes a task to assess whether police culture does indeed have a negative influence on the way the police work as an institution or whether it merely ensures that a certain level of consistency in achieved in terms of the way officers conduct themselves in their daily working environment. The term police culture has in itself been a topic of some discussion with sociologists being divided over what the definition should and should not include as there isnt an established, concrete definition of the concept. For example one contributor who has attempted to rectify this problem is Reiner (1992) who describes it as the values, norms, perspectives and craft rules which inform police conduct (Reiner 1992 quoted in Loftus 2009: 3). Whereas another definition comes from Manning (1989) who defines it as accepted practices, rules, and principles of conduct that are situationally applied, and generalised rationales and beliefs (Manning 1989 quoted in Loftus 2009: 3). Although these definitions dont appear too different at first glance, there is in fact a clear distinction between the two that should and must be made mainly the fact that Manning stresses that such principles of conduct are situationally applied, which of course suggests that police culture is not always necessa rily influential to an officers conduct. Some officers can and do hold a certain level of professionalism when taking to the streets and any values which may corrupt such professionalism remains behind closed doors in the company of their colleagues only. Yet Reiners provided definition suggests that the police culture remains with the police officer when they take to the streets and he/she then enforces the informal rules which have been established with their fellow colleagues, which generalises that all police officers act in accordance to the police culture . However what must be taken from both definitions is that there is reason to suggest that there is a network of a shared set of norms and values within police forces which could potentially have an effect on how they operate in a working environment. What also must be stressed is that there is also a distinction between the terms police culture or cop culture (as its otherwise known) and canteen culture which is another concept which crops up time and time again in countless criminology texts. Canteen culture, as mentioned by Waddington (1999), is understood to be the norms and values held by police officers whilst off-duty, whereas police culture is the norms and values which are expressed during the course of their occupational lives (Waddington 1999 cited by Crank 2004: 16-17) Newburn (2007) also makes this a key point by explaining that there is a common tendency to assume that what police choose to say and how they choose to act when off-duty is not only indicative of how police officers think, but also how they act in public. (Newburn 2007: 216) Yet Waddington has a problem with such assumptions, as he claims that this is not the case all of the time. The way officers act and the views they hold whilst off-duty, whether in the pub with friends or work colleagues is but a safety valve to release the pressures of the realities of life as a police officer (Waddington quoted by Newburn 2007: 618) Such an argument claims that in experiencing somewhat controversial views outside of the working sphere, a person is opened up to new perspectives which sociologists such as Waddington would argue helps to avoid them from being over-exposed to a particular ideology which could then influence the way in which they carry out their duties. But what also must be considered is just how valid Waddingtons argument actually is. Yes, of course in some instances exposure to different attitudes and values can be beneficial to an officer in terms of becoming more aware of the possibility of potential new threats, but there are also some officers who would then, due to any extreme views which they may have been subjected to, may target an individual or a group of people because of the stereotypes attached to such persons and not because of genuine suspicion. Police culture, it is claimed by Reiner (1992) has many characteristics in which it can be identified with, with suspicion being just one of them. Suspicion is an absolute necessity in the police force as it is suspicion that helps the police prevent crimes from occurring and therefore everyday working experiences encourage officers to generalise people into particular labels, whether or not this is a legitimate way to suspect possible offenders (Reiner cited by Newburn 2007: 618). Unfortunately there is a strong link between suspicion and ethnicity, with ethnic minorities suspected to engage in criminal activity more than people of white ethnic origin. The 2005/2006 Home Office statistics relating to police searches provide a great example for this. In interpreting the results of stop and search practices, 15.4% of the entire UK Black community were stopped under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE Code A) in comparison to only 1.6% of the entire white population. This d iscrimination however doesnt just end with the police; it branches out into other areas of the criminal justice system such as the prison service. Genders Player in (1989) claimed that prison officers sometimes use active stereotypes and labels to help order their working environments by predicting inmate behaviour in order to maintain authority at all times. Prisoners within the ethnic minority demographic were perceived as having a chip on their shoulder, as they felt they were being victims of racial persecution and thus the officers paid more attention to monitoring their behaviour. Arguably the most problematic characteristic of a police culture in terms of the impact it has on police and community relations is the element of racial prejudice. One of the most notable examples of racial prejudices derives within the Macpherson Report (1999), arguably the most notable report in criminology, which followed the death of black teenager Stephen Lawrence. The report found that the police were institutionally racist after discovering that police were ignoring crucial evidence to the investigation and were displaying discrimination in the interviewing process of suspects suggesting that it was black on black crime, despite Lawrences friend (an eye witness) being adamant that it was a racially motivated murder. Despite the findings of the report and the provisions set out to try and avoid the recurrence of racial controversy within the police, there is evidence to claim minority ethnic recruitment still remains low and there are still continuing problems in terms of pol ice relations with ethnic minorities (Croall 2011: 221-222). The aftermath of the Macphereson Report proved that institutional racism was still rife in police recruitment centres, as four years onwards a BBC documentary titled Secret Policeman was aired which centred on the police recruitment centre, Bruche which was located just outside of Warrington. Consequently after the footage of the documentary went public, the centre was forced to close so as to not further damage the reputation of the police. New police training systems were also introduced nationwide to try and expel racism from the police force as a result of the documentary. (The Observer 2004) How officers are socialised is of another great significance. The next characteristic of a police culture is the degree of solidarity, and it is this element which although is reinforced in numerous police forces, it is an aspect which is initially developed between candidates during the recruitment stages. Due to the intense nature of the job including the long hours which officers are required to work, the intensity of some of the work and the expectation of being the ones to prevent social decline, officers are encouraged to bond strongly and they learn to rely on one another, and as such tend to develop an us-against-them attitude. This resulting mentality, in some situations, leads to not officers making pacts with one another in which they agree not to grass on fellow officers for any discrepancies that they might have witnessed whilst on duty. This is more commonly known as The Blue Code of Silence. Just like any other subculture, in order to ensure cooperation and commitment to the Blue Code, a tribal value system is implemented which makes police culture sort of like a family structure in which members of the system will receive emotional support and security from the other officers upon requirement. Several police departments worldwide have been found to have followed the Blue Code, probably most notably was a New York police department which the Mollen Commission reported were to be covering up infringements of their officers. In such case where an officer was to break the Code, then his/her reputation and essentially his career too would be ruined as he/she would then be ostracised and labelled a whistleblower and thus it is the threat of this tarnished reputation that encourages the officer to obey the unwritten rules. (Loftus 2009: 14) Accusations of excessive force by members of the police force are far from uncommon, particularly in America. And it is the use of excessive for which Manning (1970) claims is a perfect example of police culture and how it can have a negative influence on the way officers carry out their duties. (Manning 1970 cited by Crank 2004: 107) However, excessive force is not detected in all cases. Victims of police brutality may feel that the odds are stacked against them in filing a complaint to an officers superiors and are thus reluctant to do so and may feel that even if a complaint is acknowledged and results in a court case, the judge and jury would overlook excessive force as the perceived perspective would be that the victim shouldnt have gotten his/herself in a position in which the use of force was needed in the first place and thus the consequences of their anti-social behaviour was deserved. Yet with that said, there are of course examples where the victim of police brutality are non-deserving of such treatment and thus the police force as a whole have come under criticism despite it being a minority of officers that participate in such excessive violence. For example a British police constable, PC Simon Harwood, was charged with the manslaughter of Ian Tomlinson during the G20 protests in 2009. Tomlinson was finding another route home after his usual route was blocked by the protests when he was struck by PC Harwood with a baton and then pushed to the ground Tomlinson fatally collapsed and an autopsy revealed the cause of death was a heart attack, which the actions of PC Harwood where no doubt a triggering factor. PC Harwood was acquitted of manslaughter, which only strengthens the argument mentioned previously that the courts are sympathetic to the police when the question of reasonable/excessive force is raised. However, it must be stressed that many police forces do have provisions in place to deal with any complaints of unacceptable behaviour regarding their employees in which inquiries will be carried out and, if found guilty, the officer in question may be reprimanded, suspended or permanently dismissed depending on the circumstances. Also, as in the case of PC Harwood they may also, if necessary, face criminal prosecution or at the very least face a civil hearing if the victim wishes to sue for damages caused by the officers ill-considered actions. But how are the police able to get away with these kinds of infringements? Again, it all relates back The Blue Code of Silence. As already mentioned earlier in the essay, officers of some police forces claim ignorance of any wrongdoings of their work partners and in some cases, they testily which is typically an American slang term for when an officer gives false testimony in court. Relating back to the tribal values, not participating in activities such as testilying would lead to an officer being shunned and sometimes even harassed to the point of retirement as they arent assisting their family members, in effect betraying their own kind. In 1994, the Mollen Commission found that some officers within the NYPD fabricated crucial documents such as arrest reports and warrants and some officers were found to have falsified witness statements for the purposes of manipulating the jury as they felt that an accused individual deserved it. This is particularly common in cases of bad character in which an accused has had a history of offences but has escaped punishment. Although corrupt as it is, testilying is merely seen as another way of getting the job done.   In conclusion, there is a huge interest towards police culture due to the impact it can and sometimes does have on society. if it is to have an influence on the way the police go about their work. The police hold a massively important role to society as they are a visible symbol of law and order and are granted various powers such as those which enable them to arrest members of the public who they feel prove a threat to the rest of society. Although most officers do operate in a reasonable manner, it is generally the actions of the minority which enable the public to misconceive that all officers are bigoted and aggressive. Such generalisations lead to a mass distrust of the police and tensions then begin to occur between the police and their publics. You only need to look at the summer riots of 2011 (which were reported to have been sparked by an officers seemingly unauthorised use of deadly force on a suspect) to see just how damaging poor police-community relations can be to the p olices image as a social institution.

The Typical Detective Genre Portrayed in Sherlock Holmes Literature Es

The Typical Detective Genre Portrayed in Sherlock Holmes' Literature The late Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a phenomenally successful writer, not only in the Victorian era but is still popular today; his Sherlock Homes stories were perhaps his most successful, in which he combines realistic situations of murders and scandals with the improbable situation of such a successful detective. Victorian London was an exceptionally dangerous place to live. Prostitution, opium dens and murders were inescapable. A women's role within the household was very much dependent on her class and her husband, purely due to the fact was that herr husband was the breadwinner. They were to stay at home; sex was supposedly purely for reproduction. London's police force was around but famously was rather ineffective with solving crimes. This is one of the reasons Holmes was extremely popular; almost a fantasy world where a character with such an inquisitive mind could solve the most challenging misdemeanours. Conan Doyle sets his stories in the heart of England, London. Perhaps this is because the busy bustling town is ideal for such a character, London Is the most important place in England, and therefore surely Holmes must be the most important detective? Conan's Doyle's stories are all in some way alike; they all have a villain, or somebody who is believed to break society's rules. This helps the audience to gain interest in how the villain will survive with Holmes on their case, how they will be punished in the context of the story. Neville St Claire in 'The man with the twisted lip' was found guilty of dressing as a tramp, to deceive people to give him money. Maybe he did this for greed; he obviously was not in favour of ga... ...chievous scheme; "I surprised you by beating upon the pavement with my stick. I was ascertaining whether the cellar stretched out in front or behind." No reader would have predicted this was the reason for the beating of this stick. This is the type of fascinating unpredictable actions, which make detective stories almost addictive until the end and appealing to the reader. Conan Doyle made sure that all questions during the story are answered and no queries left hanging. This is alluring to all readers as the endings are moral and all dilemmas are resolved. Detective story's have become one of the most popular genre, authors such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle manage to make even the most straightforward storylines interesting and appealing to all readers simply because of false trails, red herrings and the way information is with held to the reader.